Google Penguin

Google Penguin refers to a set of algorithm updates and data refreshes that the Google Search Engine periodically releases, that are aimed at improving the value of search query results for users.

This is done to prevent spamming the page index algorithm ( called spamdexing or Black Hat SEO) to prevent irregularities in search results to prevent from being successfully ranked high among query results. Spamdexing can be done by techniques such as Key-stuffing, invisible text display, link-spamming or even displaying copyright items from high-ranking websites and more.

Google Penguin is different from similar enhancement algorithm such as Google Panda and Google Hummingbird such that it not only aims at preventing companies that attempt to “boost” their search engine ranking index but also “penalizing” them.

The first such algorithm published in April 2012 and was estimated to affect 3% of all English-language website.

Business Intelligence

Business Intelligence is the use of computing technologies for the identification, discovery and

analysis of business data such as sales, revenue, products, costs, income, etc. BI provides historical, present and predictive view of internally structured data for products and departments by more effective decision-making and strategic operational insights. BI software applications make use of Data warehouses or Data marts which are separate yet related BI architectural fragments and are used for preparation and use of data.

BI is used for multiple business purposes, including:

• Measurement of performance and benchmarking progress toward business goals
• Quantitative analysis through predictive analytics, predictive modelling, business process modelling and statistical analysis
• Reporting of departmental/divisional and enterprise perspectives of data visualization, EISs and OLAP
• Collaborative programs that allow internal and external business entities to collaborate through electronic data interchange (EDI) and data sharing
• Use of knowledge management programs to identify and create insights and experiences for learning management and regulatory compliance

BI also involves specific methodologies and procedures for implementing such interactive information gathering techniques, including:

• Identifying interview teams
• Researching organizations
• Selecting and preparing interviewees
• Developing interview questions
• Scheduling and sequencing interviews

Spatial Data Mining

An GIS Tool application

Spatial Data Mining Application Example

Spatial Data Mining is the application of Data Mining techniques to spatial models. In Spatial Data Mining, analysts use geographical or spatial information to produce business intelligence or other results. Analysts might be looking into large data bases or extremely large database to find relevant data based on GIS/GPS tools or similar mechanism. The core goal of Spatial Data Mining is to distinguish the information in order to build related, actionable patterns. This requires specific techniques and resources to get geographical data into relevant and useful formats.